4. How did Britain and France try to prevent war with Germany?
-They tried to corporate with Germany's demands. When they thought they were in agreement, Holter went and ruined it all.
5. When did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
-December 7, 1941
6. What did the government do to ensure the industries produce enough war materials?
- People who were in the states had to give food and shelter for soldiers and also provide training, equipment, transportation and medical care.
7. What was Operation Overlord?
-It was a plan to invade France and eventually they landed one million troops in France.
8. Who succeeded Franklin Roosevelt as president?
-Harry S. Truman
9. What action by the Japanese convinced the United States to use the atomic bomb?
-The Japanese wouldn't surrender and it wasn't in their nature to surrender. So they didn't want to go and fight them knowing that they wouldn't give up.
10. Explain the importance to Hitler of Germany's 1939 non-agression treaty with Soviet Union. Why do you suppose the Soviet Union signed it?
-They probably signed because they didn't know how devious Hitler really was so they didn't know what they were getting in to.
11. Why did the government require rationing during the war?
-Everyone got books full of coupons that would get them food and supplies. That ws the onlt way they could get food.
12. Why did the allies focus first on the war in Europe rather than the war in the Pacific?
-They thought that Hitler was more of a threat and taking action then the Japs.
Monday, May 7, 2012
Tuesday, April 17, 2012
WWI/Depression Test Study Questions
Amendments 15-19
15- Gave black men the right to vote.
16- Let congress lay and collect income taxes.
17-Gave people the right to vote for their representatives directly.
18-Prohibition act.
19- Provided for women's suffrage.
What is important about Henry Ford? How did he change America?
-He was the first to invent an affordable car and he also was the first person to use the assembly line. Without his cars, only the wealthy would have cars, and they possibly could today, not be as popular. He also raised the amount of money he paid his workers so they would work hard and so they could also buy cars themselves.
What is important about Charles Lindbergh? How did he symbolize the times?
- He was the fist man to fly alone across the Atlantic Ocean. He was ambitious and went big and bold. This symbolizes this time because everything that happens in the twenties is ambitious, Babe Ruth, big and bold, Jazz and swing dance.
What were "pool operators" and how were they crooked?
-They were the political machines, or political bosses. They collected votes by bribing people with money, and immigrants with jobs fro their loyalty. They would gather votes with bribes and win elections.
How were stocks inflated? How did this cause the crash?
-They would buy stock for companies who aren't off the ground yet, they wouldn't pay all of the money for the stock, and the stock broker would barrow the rest of the money from the bank. So, they didn't really own the whole stock. So, the banks were in giant debt, and all of their wealth was on paper.
What was Black Thursday and Black Tuesday?
- Black Thursday was the day that panicked traders sold almost 13 million stocks on October 24, 1929.
-Black Tuesday, October 29th, more then 16million shares were sold off.
What was Hoover's view of Government relief programs?
-He believed that relief programs were communistic or socialistic.
What was the "Bonus Army"? What did it do? What happened to it?
- It was the veterans that fought in WWI were told that they would get a bonus of $1000 dollars after the war was over. The depression hit and they wanted their money, but they were dinied. They went to DC and tried to get their money, but turned to violence and were kicked out of DC.
What happened during the "Hundred Days"?
- It was the first hundred days Roosevelt's days in office. He set 15 proposals to congress and everyone of them passed. It was a very successful hundred days and no other president had done this much in so little time.
What was the WPA and what did it do?
-Works Progress Administration employed men and women to build hospitals, schools, parks, and airports. It also employed artists, writers, and musicians.
What were some programs set up during the Depression that are still with us today?
-Social security system, minimum wage, child labor laws, government insured banks.
What were Roosevelt's FIRESIDE CHATS and why did they become important?
-It was a radio program where Roosevelt spoke. When people would listen, they felt like the president was talking to them, so more people listen. It became important because he was the first President to use mass media so people could listen to him. It also made people feel good, even though the depression was going on. This reinsured people that everything was going to end up ok.
Discuss the philosophical reasons World War I began.
- Nationalism, searching to independence, system to allies.
What was the initial spark that began World War I?
-The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Who were the allies? Who were the central powers?
-Allies- United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Italy, Albania, Monte Negro, Greece, Serbia, Romania, Russia, Cyrus.
-Central Powers- Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire.
List five advancements in technology that lead to high causalities.
-Airplane
Submarine
Machine gun
Toxic gas
Tank
Describe trench warfare.
-They would dig trenches in the ground to protect themselves from flying bullets. Although it was awful. They also had supports trenches behind the lines that were used as head quarters, first aids centers, and storage areas.
What was the Lusitania?
-The Lusitania was a merchant ship that was sunk. They had no proof, just it was sank for suspicion of having war supplies on it. But, it ended up having was supplies.
Why did America eventually enter the war (list two reasons)?
-The two reasons America joined the war was the sinking of the Lusitania, and the Zimmerman Telegram that was bribing Mexico to join the war on the German side.
When was the Russian Revolution?
-After the Zimmerman Telegram, Russian rioted and went on strikes and eventually threw over the monarchy. In its place, the established a temporary government that promised free elections.
Discuss the importance of the Battle of the Marne.
- The battle of Marne was the first major battle fought in the war. Also, it saved Paris from invasion by the Germans and boosted French morale. It was fought from September 5-12, 1914.
How did World War I change the United States?
- Because of the war, industry production boomed as well as the economy. In order to keep up with was they needed for the war, new technologies were invented to increase produsiton. Also, there were more job opportunities for women and African Americans. But after the war ended, men who were fighting over seas needed jobs so less women got to work.
Discuss the Treaty of Versailles. What did it do? Why did the U.S. reject it?
- Under the terms of the treaty of Versailles, Germany would have to take full responsibility of the war, paying billions of dollars. Germany also had to disarm completely and give up all over sea territories and some in Europe.The treaty carved up the Austro- Hungary and Russian Empires to create new nations and restore old ones. The U.S rejected it because some people thought it dealt with Germany to harshly and some worried about the participation in the League of Nations, which marked a permanent American commitment to international affairs.
Who was Marcus Garvey? What were his ideas?
-He was an African American who was born into a poor family and was educated in journalism. He moved to New York when he was 28 years old. He opposed integration and encouraged African Americans to move back to Africa. He also encouraged other black people to start business and be prideful of their race.
How was Harding's Presidency corrupt?
-After he was elected, he admitted the was wasn't qualified for the job. So, he hired a bunch of his friend into cabinet that knew what they were doing.
How did the 20s change America? (think consumer society, entertainment, sports, fashion, politics)
-Without the twenties, there would be no Jazz, radio, television, swing dance. The twenties were full of ambition and excitement. Legendary Babe Ruth set a record for home runs, Henry Ford invented the Model T. Also, it was the time that alcohol was not allowed, thus more popular and encouraged organized crime.
What was the Harlem Renaissance? List three members.
- A flowering of African American culture. During the Harlem Renaissance, black writers wrote novels, poems, and short stories and the experiences they had. Some members were Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, and Zora Neale Hurston.
How did prohibition lead to the raise of organized crime? Who was Al Capone?
-Because alcohol was illegal, it was instantly wanted even more. Millions of dollars was made by making and selling alcohol. Al Capone is was of the most famous people back then, He organized crime and local politics. He was eventually arrested and sent to prison.
What was the Dust Bowl?
- Region of the US where the land dried out and it was unable to grow any crops. The region was Western Kansas and Oklahoma, northern Texas, eastern Colorado, and New Mexico.
Discuss entertainment during the 1930s?
-When people had the time, they would get to together and play cards, play football or baseball, kids would make up games, and if they could afford it, go to the movies.
Who was Huey Long? What did he promise people?
- He was a senator who tried to get a plan where wealthy people were taxed heavily and that money would be used to give poor people homes and 2,500 dollars a year. He was assassinated in 1935.
How did Roosevelt try and stack the Supreme Court?
- He wanted to choose another 6 members of the Court and then he would only need another two people to agree with him for the majority.
15- Gave black men the right to vote.
16- Let congress lay and collect income taxes.
17-Gave people the right to vote for their representatives directly.
18-Prohibition act.
19- Provided for women's suffrage.
What is important about Henry Ford? How did he change America?
-He was the first to invent an affordable car and he also was the first person to use the assembly line. Without his cars, only the wealthy would have cars, and they possibly could today, not be as popular. He also raised the amount of money he paid his workers so they would work hard and so they could also buy cars themselves.
What is important about Charles Lindbergh? How did he symbolize the times?
- He was the fist man to fly alone across the Atlantic Ocean. He was ambitious and went big and bold. This symbolizes this time because everything that happens in the twenties is ambitious, Babe Ruth, big and bold, Jazz and swing dance.
What were "pool operators" and how were they crooked?
-They were the political machines, or political bosses. They collected votes by bribing people with money, and immigrants with jobs fro their loyalty. They would gather votes with bribes and win elections.
How were stocks inflated? How did this cause the crash?
-They would buy stock for companies who aren't off the ground yet, they wouldn't pay all of the money for the stock, and the stock broker would barrow the rest of the money from the bank. So, they didn't really own the whole stock. So, the banks were in giant debt, and all of their wealth was on paper.
What was Black Thursday and Black Tuesday?
- Black Thursday was the day that panicked traders sold almost 13 million stocks on October 24, 1929.
-Black Tuesday, October 29th, more then 16million shares were sold off.
What was Hoover's view of Government relief programs?
-He believed that relief programs were communistic or socialistic.
What was the "Bonus Army"? What did it do? What happened to it?
- It was the veterans that fought in WWI were told that they would get a bonus of $1000 dollars after the war was over. The depression hit and they wanted their money, but they were dinied. They went to DC and tried to get their money, but turned to violence and were kicked out of DC.
What happened during the "Hundred Days"?
- It was the first hundred days Roosevelt's days in office. He set 15 proposals to congress and everyone of them passed. It was a very successful hundred days and no other president had done this much in so little time.
What was the WPA and what did it do?
-Works Progress Administration employed men and women to build hospitals, schools, parks, and airports. It also employed artists, writers, and musicians.
What were some programs set up during the Depression that are still with us today?
-Social security system, minimum wage, child labor laws, government insured banks.
What were Roosevelt's FIRESIDE CHATS and why did they become important?
-It was a radio program where Roosevelt spoke. When people would listen, they felt like the president was talking to them, so more people listen. It became important because he was the first President to use mass media so people could listen to him. It also made people feel good, even though the depression was going on. This reinsured people that everything was going to end up ok.
Discuss the philosophical reasons World War I began.
- Nationalism, searching to independence, system to allies.
What was the initial spark that began World War I?
-The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Who were the allies? Who were the central powers?
-Allies- United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Italy, Albania, Monte Negro, Greece, Serbia, Romania, Russia, Cyrus.
-Central Powers- Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire.
List five advancements in technology that lead to high causalities.
-Airplane
Submarine
Machine gun
Toxic gas
Tank
Describe trench warfare.
-They would dig trenches in the ground to protect themselves from flying bullets. Although it was awful. They also had supports trenches behind the lines that were used as head quarters, first aids centers, and storage areas.
What was the Lusitania?
-The Lusitania was a merchant ship that was sunk. They had no proof, just it was sank for suspicion of having war supplies on it. But, it ended up having was supplies.
Why did America eventually enter the war (list two reasons)?
-The two reasons America joined the war was the sinking of the Lusitania, and the Zimmerman Telegram that was bribing Mexico to join the war on the German side.
When was the Russian Revolution?
-After the Zimmerman Telegram, Russian rioted and went on strikes and eventually threw over the monarchy. In its place, the established a temporary government that promised free elections.
Discuss the importance of the Battle of the Marne.
- The battle of Marne was the first major battle fought in the war. Also, it saved Paris from invasion by the Germans and boosted French morale. It was fought from September 5-12, 1914.
How did World War I change the United States?
- Because of the war, industry production boomed as well as the economy. In order to keep up with was they needed for the war, new technologies were invented to increase produsiton. Also, there were more job opportunities for women and African Americans. But after the war ended, men who were fighting over seas needed jobs so less women got to work.
Discuss the Treaty of Versailles. What did it do? Why did the U.S. reject it?
- Under the terms of the treaty of Versailles, Germany would have to take full responsibility of the war, paying billions of dollars. Germany also had to disarm completely and give up all over sea territories and some in Europe.The treaty carved up the Austro- Hungary and Russian Empires to create new nations and restore old ones. The U.S rejected it because some people thought it dealt with Germany to harshly and some worried about the participation in the League of Nations, which marked a permanent American commitment to international affairs.
Who was Marcus Garvey? What were his ideas?
-He was an African American who was born into a poor family and was educated in journalism. He moved to New York when he was 28 years old. He opposed integration and encouraged African Americans to move back to Africa. He also encouraged other black people to start business and be prideful of their race.
How was Harding's Presidency corrupt?
-After he was elected, he admitted the was wasn't qualified for the job. So, he hired a bunch of his friend into cabinet that knew what they were doing.
How did the 20s change America? (think consumer society, entertainment, sports, fashion, politics)
-Without the twenties, there would be no Jazz, radio, television, swing dance. The twenties were full of ambition and excitement. Legendary Babe Ruth set a record for home runs, Henry Ford invented the Model T. Also, it was the time that alcohol was not allowed, thus more popular and encouraged organized crime.
What was the Harlem Renaissance? List three members.
- A flowering of African American culture. During the Harlem Renaissance, black writers wrote novels, poems, and short stories and the experiences they had. Some members were Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, and Zora Neale Hurston.
How did prohibition lead to the raise of organized crime? Who was Al Capone?
-Because alcohol was illegal, it was instantly wanted even more. Millions of dollars was made by making and selling alcohol. Al Capone is was of the most famous people back then, He organized crime and local politics. He was eventually arrested and sent to prison.
What was the Dust Bowl?
- Region of the US where the land dried out and it was unable to grow any crops. The region was Western Kansas and Oklahoma, northern Texas, eastern Colorado, and New Mexico.
Discuss entertainment during the 1930s?
-When people had the time, they would get to together and play cards, play football or baseball, kids would make up games, and if they could afford it, go to the movies.
Who was Huey Long? What did he promise people?
- He was a senator who tried to get a plan where wealthy people were taxed heavily and that money would be used to give poor people homes and 2,500 dollars a year. He was assassinated in 1935.
How did Roosevelt try and stack the Supreme Court?
- He wanted to choose another 6 members of the Court and then he would only need another two people to agree with him for the majority.
Thursday, April 12, 2012
Chapter 25 Study Questions
#2. What did the Bonus Army want the Government to do?
-They wanted their 1,000-dollar bonus right away, so they
marched to D.C. to demand their money.
#3. What was the New Deal?
-
It is the laws that were passed during the
Hundred Days. The laws were…
o Civilian
Conservation Corps
o Tennessee
Valley Authority
o Federal
Emergency Relief Administration
o Agricultural
Adjustment Administration
o National
recovery Administration
o Public
Works Administration
o Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation
#4. How did the CCC benefit the unemployed as well as the
nation?
-They hired about 3 million men to work on projects that
benefitted the public, planted trees to reforest areas, built levees for flood
control, and improved national parks.
#5. In what region was the Dust Bowl centered?
- Western Kansas, Oklahoma, northern Texas, New Mexico, and
eastern Colorado.
#6. Summarize the advances made by African Americans and
women during the Great Depression.
-Women had to be the main support in some of the families
because although they could get a job, it paid less then men. On top of trying
to get a job, women had to mend their own clothes, bake their own bread, and
can their own vegetables. Some women also start their own businesses.
-African Americans had a very hard time finding jobs. They
often found that white men who lost theirs were taking their jobs. They did
make some political gains during the depression. Roosevelt hired blacks to
federal posts. He has a group of advisors known as the Black Cabinet.
#7. What was the purpose of the social Security Act?
-It put a tax on workers and employers so that money could
provide monthly pensions for retired people. There was also a tax on employers
alone that paid people who lost their jobs. This act also helped the disabled,
poor elderly, and children whose parents couldn’t support them.
#8 Describe two laws passed during the Second New Deal that
helped workers and unions.
-The Fail Labor Standers Act banned child labor and set a
minimum wage at 40 cents an hour.
-Congress of Industrial organization helped create
industrial unions.
#9. How did the trend of buying on credit in the 1920’s
affect banks during the Depression?
-Small banks failed when farmers failed to pay back their
loans and some large banks even had to close because of the stack market crash.
#10. How did new technology help cause the Dust Bowl
disaster?
-When farmers were using machinery, like tractor, they
cleared millions of acres of sod for wheat farming. They didn’t realize that
the root held the soil together. So the soil dried out, making it impossible to
grow new crops.
#11. List two ways the federal government changed during
Roosevelt’s administration.
- Roosevelt tried to fins new jobs so people could work and
support their families. He also rebuilt the banking system to prevent an event
like this happening again.
Friday, March 30, 2012
Chapter 23 Study Questions
1) What ideas or ideologies lead to World War I beginning?
-Nationalism, it only takes a spark to start a roaring fire. So when one nation attacks another, they get all of their allies in a return attack too.
2) Outline the specific events in 1914 that led to a World War.
-The assaination of Franz Ferdinand.
-
-3) What advancements in technology help create massive causalities?
-The airplane, bombs, toxic gases, although they killed themselves just as much as they killed the enemy with gas because of the wind.
4) How did the forming of alliances increase the likelihood of war?
-Well, with the alliances, you don't just attack one nation, you attack 5 different countries. So, it gets them more and more involved and eventually you have a world war.
5) List the Allies and the Central Powers during the war.
-Allies
Ireland
United Kingdom
France
Portugal
Italy
Serbia
Greece
Monte Negro
Romania
Russia
U.S.
-Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
6) Explain how world in Europe brought an economic boom for the United States.
-
-7) Briefly discuss the importance of the following battles: Marne, Verdun, Somme, Gallipoli, Argonne Forest.
-Marne- it was fought between September 5-12, 1914 and is saved Paris from invasion by the Germans and boosted French moral. It also made it clear that neither side was going the win the war quickly or easily.
-Verdun- It was one the longest and bloodiest battle of the war, there were 750,000 deaths in that battle alone.
-Somme- This battle was going on while Verdun was going on. The British and French gained 7 miles in the offensive attack. The number of casualties was very high, yet again.
-
8) Who was the U.S. General in Command during the war?
-General John J. Pershing.
-9) Write three questions of your own based on information that you found interesting in these sections.
-
ALSO PAGE 692 questions 5-17.
5) Why did European nations form alliances?
-
6) Why did the Zimmermann telegram push the United States toward war?
-Cause the German's were trying to bribe the Mexicans to join the war.
7) What was Sussex Pledge?
- They wouldn't sink merchant ships unless there was war supplies and if they do sink the ship they have to make sure that all of the passengers are safe before they sink it.
8) Who won the presidency in the election of 1916?
- Woodrow Wilson
9) How did Russia's withdrawal affect World War I?
- Russia's withdrawal from the war allowed hundreds of thousands of troops, in the line of battle, from the Eastern front to the Western front in France.
10) In what ways did the war help improve condition for American workers?
-The government needed people to work and get jobs so people could make unions, get eight hour work days, and blacks and mexicans and women got equal pay and equal job opportunities.
11) Who were the leaders at the Paros Peace Conference?
-President Woodrow Wilson of the US
Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain
Premier Georges Clemenceau of FrancePrime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy
12) What was Henry Cabot Lodge's greatest concern about the League of Nations?
-That if the US joined to League of Nations that American troops and ships may be called to any part of the world by a nation other than the US.
13) What advantages did airplanes provide in the war?
-It was easier to attack and bomb cities. Also they could transport things faster.
14) How did President Wilson use Russia's revolution in March of 1917 to gain support for the war?
- Many American's thought that Russia's new government would help the Allies. Wilson could then claim that the Allies were fighting a war of democracy against autocracy.
15) What four nations dominated the Paris Peace Conference?
-U.K, U.S., France, Italy.
16) Explain the causes of labor shortage in the United States during the war.
-It provided new job opportunities for women and minorities. Many woman joined the workforce for the first time and were hired for jobs previously held by men.
It also brought thousands of African AMericans to Northern cities.
Thousands of Mexican's also migrated to the US
-Nationalism, it only takes a spark to start a roaring fire. So when one nation attacks another, they get all of their allies in a return attack too.
2) Outline the specific events in 1914 that led to a World War.
-The assaination of Franz Ferdinand.
-
-3) What advancements in technology help create massive causalities?
-The airplane, bombs, toxic gases, although they killed themselves just as much as they killed the enemy with gas because of the wind.
4) How did the forming of alliances increase the likelihood of war?
-Well, with the alliances, you don't just attack one nation, you attack 5 different countries. So, it gets them more and more involved and eventually you have a world war.
5) List the Allies and the Central Powers during the war.
-Allies
Ireland
United Kingdom
France
Portugal
Italy
Serbia
Greece
Monte Negro
Romania
Russia
U.S.
-Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
6) Explain how world in Europe brought an economic boom for the United States.
-
-7) Briefly discuss the importance of the following battles: Marne, Verdun, Somme, Gallipoli, Argonne Forest.
-Marne- it was fought between September 5-12, 1914 and is saved Paris from invasion by the Germans and boosted French moral. It also made it clear that neither side was going the win the war quickly or easily.
-Verdun- It was one the longest and bloodiest battle of the war, there were 750,000 deaths in that battle alone.
-Somme- This battle was going on while Verdun was going on. The British and French gained 7 miles in the offensive attack. The number of casualties was very high, yet again.
-
8) Who was the U.S. General in Command during the war?
-General John J. Pershing.
-9) Write three questions of your own based on information that you found interesting in these sections.
-
ALSO PAGE 692 questions 5-17.
5) Why did European nations form alliances?
-
6) Why did the Zimmermann telegram push the United States toward war?
-Cause the German's were trying to bribe the Mexicans to join the war.
7) What was Sussex Pledge?
- They wouldn't sink merchant ships unless there was war supplies and if they do sink the ship they have to make sure that all of the passengers are safe before they sink it.
8) Who won the presidency in the election of 1916?
- Woodrow Wilson
9) How did Russia's withdrawal affect World War I?
- Russia's withdrawal from the war allowed hundreds of thousands of troops, in the line of battle, from the Eastern front to the Western front in France.
10) In what ways did the war help improve condition for American workers?
-The government needed people to work and get jobs so people could make unions, get eight hour work days, and blacks and mexicans and women got equal pay and equal job opportunities.
11) Who were the leaders at the Paros Peace Conference?
-President Woodrow Wilson of the US
Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain
Premier Georges Clemenceau of FrancePrime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy
12) What was Henry Cabot Lodge's greatest concern about the League of Nations?
-That if the US joined to League of Nations that American troops and ships may be called to any part of the world by a nation other than the US.
13) What advantages did airplanes provide in the war?
-It was easier to attack and bomb cities. Also they could transport things faster.
14) How did President Wilson use Russia's revolution in March of 1917 to gain support for the war?
- Many American's thought that Russia's new government would help the Allies. Wilson could then claim that the Allies were fighting a war of democracy against autocracy.
15) What four nations dominated the Paris Peace Conference?
-U.K, U.S., France, Italy.
16) Explain the causes of labor shortage in the United States during the war.
-It provided new job opportunities for women and minorities. Many woman joined the workforce for the first time and were hired for jobs previously held by men.
It also brought thousands of African AMericans to Northern cities.
Thousands of Mexican's also migrated to the US
Thursday, March 15, 2012
Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
-1902, he ordered the justice department to take legal action against certain trusts that had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. He targeted the Northern Securities Company, a railroad monopoly. The trust was broken apart.
-He obtained a total of 25 legal charges against trusts in the beef, oil, and tobacco companies.
-He made the United Mine Workers have a normal work patterns so more people got more hours and more pay.
-He enforced the U.S. Forest Service in 1905 to help conserve natural resources. He reserved millions of acres of national forest.
William Howard Taft
-He won more antitrust in four years then Roosevelt did in seven.
-He favored the introduction of safety standers in the mines and railroad.
-In 1912, Roosevelt challenged Roosevelt in the election because he was disappointed in Taft. He thought that he was changed his ways. Roosevelt was angry that he didn’t get the nomination on the first ballot so he formed the Progressive party. Neither of them won, Wilson did.
Woodrow Wilson
-He achieved tariff reform in 1913.
-That same year, Congress also passed the Federal Reserve Act to regulate banking.
-In 1914 he established the Federal Trade Commission to investigate corporations for unfair trade practices.
Tuesday, March 13, 2012
Chapter 21 Questions
How did corrupt political bosses get voters for their parties?
-They also did favors for people, such as offering turkey dinner and summer boats rides. They provided jobs for immagrants. They also helped needy families.
Why were journalists important to the reform movement?
-Muckrakers exposed injustices and corruption. They wrote newspaper and magazine articles that brought problems to the attention of the public.
What amendment provided for the direct election of senators?
-The 17th amendment.
What amendment provided for woman suffrage?
-The 19th amendment.
What is arbitration?
-It is settling a dispute by agreeing to except the decision of an impartial outsider.
Why did progressives form their own political party?
-They formed their own party because they were angry that Taft received the first nomination on the first ballot and they supported Roosevelt.
What was the purpose of the Federal reserve act?
-To regulate banking.
What is discrimination?
-Hating on people because of where they came from or their race or religion.
What did Dr. Carlos Montezuma think about native american reservations?
-He thought that native americans should leave the reservations and make their way into white society.
Why did mexican Americans organize mutualistas?
-They were self defense associations to raise money for insurance and legal help.
How did the 17th amendment give people a greater voice in government?
-It let the people vote for their representatives directly.
Why was the railroad industry subject to money government regulations?
- Because they were charging to much and reformers tried to regulate their prices.
Identify how these laws promote justice and ensure citizens rights. The laws are: The 19th amendment, recall, initiative, and referendum.
The 19th amendment- Women have to right to vote and it gave them us all power instead of being sexist.
Recall-Enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from their jobs.
Initiative- Aloud citizens to place a measure or issue one the ballot in a state election.
Referendum- Gave voters the opportunity to except or reject measures that the state legislature enacted
-They also did favors for people, such as offering turkey dinner and summer boats rides. They provided jobs for immagrants. They also helped needy families.
Why were journalists important to the reform movement?
-Muckrakers exposed injustices and corruption. They wrote newspaper and magazine articles that brought problems to the attention of the public.
What amendment provided for the direct election of senators?
-The 17th amendment.
What amendment provided for woman suffrage?
-The 19th amendment.
What is arbitration?
-It is settling a dispute by agreeing to except the decision of an impartial outsider.
Why did progressives form their own political party?
-They formed their own party because they were angry that Taft received the first nomination on the first ballot and they supported Roosevelt.
What was the purpose of the Federal reserve act?
-To regulate banking.
What is discrimination?
-Hating on people because of where they came from or their race or religion.
What did Dr. Carlos Montezuma think about native american reservations?
-He thought that native americans should leave the reservations and make their way into white society.
Why did mexican Americans organize mutualistas?
-They were self defense associations to raise money for insurance and legal help.
How did the 17th amendment give people a greater voice in government?
-It let the people vote for their representatives directly.
Why was the railroad industry subject to money government regulations?
- Because they were charging to much and reformers tried to regulate their prices.
Identify how these laws promote justice and ensure citizens rights. The laws are: The 19th amendment, recall, initiative, and referendum.
The 19th amendment- Women have to right to vote and it gave them us all power instead of being sexist.
Recall-Enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from their jobs.
Initiative- Aloud citizens to place a measure or issue one the ballot in a state election.
Referendum- Gave voters the opportunity to except or reject measures that the state legislature enacted
Saturday, March 10, 2012
Chapter 19
What improvements in railway transportation were brought about by new technology
What were four of Thomas Edison's inventions?
What inventions improved communications in the late 1800s?
What manufacturing methods did Henry Ford use to make his new automobile affordable?
What is vertical integration?
What action did Congress take to control trusts and monopolies in response to pressure from the American people?
What is collective bargaining?
How did the Haymarket Riot of 1886 affect public opinion about the labor movement?
Why did the workers think that forming organized labor unions would help them get what they wanted from employers?
Identify the major iron/steel manufacturing centers shown on the map.
South Bend, Detroit, Cleveland, Youngs Town, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh.
USE MAP ON PAGE 560.
If you traveled from Florida to California, what time zones would you cross?
eastern, central, mountain, and Pacific time zones.
If it is 6 AM in Maine, what time is it in Hawaii?
1Am
The air brakes, electromagnetic brake, refrigerated cars, Janney car cuplers, and Polmen sleeping cars.
What were four of Thomas Edison's inventions?
The light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture projector, and the telephone transmitter.
What inventions improved communications in the late 1800s?
The telegraph and the telephone.
What manufacturing methods did Henry Ford use to make his new automobile affordable?
The assembly line.
What is vertical integration?
Accruing company the divided the equipment and surveys needed.
What action did Congress take to control trusts and monopolies in response to pressure from the American people?
Shurman's Antitrust act.
What is collective bargaining?
Unions represent workers in bargaining with management.
How did the Haymarket Riot of 1886 affect public opinion about the labor movement?
Many people associated it terrorism and disorient.
Describe the contributions of African American inventors in the late 1800s.
Luis Howard Latimer developed and improved filament for the light bulb. Grainvile Woods patented the electric incubator, electromagnetic brake, and an automatic circuit breaker. Elijah McCoy he invented a mechanism for oiling machinery. Jan E. Matzeliger he developed a shoe making machine.
How did horizontal integration differ from vertical integration?
Horizontal combined competing firms into one corporation. Vertical acquired companies that provided the need equipment and services.
How did horizontal integration differ from vertical integration?
Horizontal combined competing firms into one corporation. Vertical acquired companies that provided the need equipment and services.
Why did the workers think that forming organized labor unions would help them get what they wanted from employers?
More people would listen to you when you have a union apposed to one person.
Describe two ways in which the growing railroad network helped American industry.
Expansion into the west and the transpiration of good and people cross country.
USE THE MAP ON PAGE 577
What forms of transportation moved goods into and out of this region?
Trains and Ships
Describe two ways in which the growing railroad network helped American industry.
Expansion into the west and the transpiration of good and people cross country.
USE THE MAP ON PAGE 577
What forms of transportation moved goods into and out of this region?
Trains and Ships
What industry grew in the timbered regions of Wisconsin and Michigan?
Sawmills
Sawmills
Identify the major iron/steel manufacturing centers shown on the map.
South Bend, Detroit, Cleveland, Youngs Town, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh.
USE MAP ON PAGE 560.
If you traveled from Florida to California, what time zones would you cross?
eastern, central, mountain, and Pacific time zones.
If it is 6 AM in Maine, what time is it in Hawaii?
1Am
If it is 3 PM in Texas, what time is it in Alaska?
12 pm
Wednesday, February 15, 2012
Yakutat Homework
3) What was the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment?
13th
-Legally ended slavery
14th
-It made them citizens.
15th
-“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
-It gave vlack men the right to vote.
4) How was the 14th Amendment reinterpreted? How was the 15th Amendment interrupted?
-No state shall discriminate the blacks because of their race. Look at the wording, no STATE shall deny a black person. If you owned a personal business, you could be a racist as you want.
5) List ways a slave rebelled.
-They could run away, slowing down production, and physically rebel. They also rebelled in their songs that they sang.
6) Zinn tries to show slavery from a slaves perspective, what are three things he says?
-That slavery was never going to end by a rebellion but inly if it were economically good for the U.S., they were very sad and depressed although people thought they weren't because they sang and danced at night, that black people could never be civilized, and that in some places slavery was cruel and harsh.
7) After the Civil War how did the South prevent former slaves from attaining power?
-
8) Why didn't former slaves move after the Civil War?
-
9) Name two slave uprisings.
-Nat Turners rebellion and Conspiracy of Denmark Vey.
10) How many people died in the Civil War?
620,000 died total
2% of the population (Most of them were men.)
Confederates lost 260,000 out of 1 million that enlisted
Union lost 360,000 out of 2,300,000 that enlisted
11) Give the dates of the war.
-April 1861 – April 1865
Battles:
Gettysburg
-July 1st-3rd, Generals were Robert E. Lee and George Mead. an invasion of the north by Robert E. Lee. 70,000 men were lost, it was a three day battle, northern victory. Fought in Pennsylvania and July 1st through the 3rd. The south retreated in the fourth. It is known as the turning point of the war. After the battle, Robert E. Lee didn't have the people to fight a defensive battle because he had lost most of his men.
Appomattox
-April 8th 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant but the terms were generous. The soldiers could go home with their horses, they would keep their side arms, and they were given three days worth of rations. This battle basically end the war, once Lee surrendered, the South knew the war was over.
Antietam
-Sept. 17th 1863, The Generals were Lee and MeClellen Northern Vicotry. It was important because the southern loss discouraged England and France from recognizing the south as a country. Plus, the north finally had a victory that allowed Lincoln to put the Emancipation Proclamation into effect. They fought to a draw.
Shiloh
-It was April 6-7 1862, Albert Sydney Johnston attacked Grant's army. Union victory and it is important because this battle is the once where people knew this wasn't going to be a short war. Also, Albert Sidney Johnston died.
Bull Run
-July 1861, Confederate victory, the Generals were Joe Johnston and Beauregard, both side knew that there wasn't going to be a victory in just one battle. One day battle. People came and watched the battle.
Chancellorsville
-May 2nd 1863. Chancellorsville was a complete southern victory yet Stonewall Jackson gets himself shot and killed. Stonewalls Jackson is Lee's right hand man. He doesn't have anyone else to replace Jackson. Union was lead by Joe Hooker. Lee divides his army.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
-He started on November 16, 1863 and he was ordered use total warfare to destroy everything in his path. No one really fought back.
People:
Albert Sidney Johnson
-He got shot in the leg and bled out in the Battle of Shiloh. He was a confederate general. He surprise attacks Grant and all was going well until he was shot in the leg. He died and there was no one to replace him.
Ulysses S. Grant
-He was the 18th president, but before he was the big General for the union, he pretty much controlled the whole Union army. He was reasonable for the surrender of the south at the court house. He was commander in chief of all US forces.
Joe Johnson
- He eventually takes over the army of Tennessee, he was the second general after lee. He surrenders to Sherman in the war.
Joe Hooker
-Union General, he tales over the army of pot. for a while he is almost dimotioned by Lee and Stonewall and it really ruined his career.
Tecumseh Sherman
-He was a Union general. He lead Sherman's March to the Sea. He was a perfect example of what the north would do to win the war.
Robert E Lee
Major confederate general, he as a very impressive general.
Thomas Stonewall Jackson
-He was a confederate general. He was Lee's right hand man.
A.P. Hill
James Longstreet
Booker T Washington
Sojourner Truth
Harriet Tubman
Frederick Douglas
1) Why does the author suggest that John Brown had a sense of humor?
-He put a cheap price on the president for 2.50
2) What was John Brown's plan?
-He was going to take over the arsenal and have slave come and fight for him. No one came and he was captured.
3) Why did John Brown become a symbol?
-He was viewed as a martyr cause he tried to do what was the right thing to some people he was supposed to represent hope. For the south he was a symbol for what was to come.
4) When and why did South Carolina succeed from the Union?
-December 20, 1860, they succeeded because they thought they had the right to leave the union and they were the first to succeed.
5) List some of the advantages of the North at the beginning of the war. List some of the advantages of the South at the beginning of the war.
6) List some of the famous battles of the Civil War with a brief description of each.
7) How do you view Lincoln's suspension of "the writ of habeas corpus"?
8) What if Lee's plan had not been found at the battle of Antiem?
9) What was the reconstruction?
It was a series of acts the was a form of punishment for the confederates.
-The states had to meet certain requirements if they wanted to come back to the states.
-The 14th amendment
-It gave the blacks the right to vote and made then citizens.
-It divided the south into military regions controlled by military governors.
10) Why did the Klu Klux Klan form?
-Some poeple didn't like the fact that blacks were becoming their equals.
11) Discuss Andrew Johnson's impeachment.
-He tried to remove one of his own cabinet members. He was trying to fallow up Lincoln's plan, but his views on slavery were different from the others from the North, so people used this as a way to try and remove him from office.
How did the Civil War shape our lives today?
-If the confederates won, then we would still have slaves, and now we have a more central government.
Name three ways the Civil War changed the South.
-Their economy was dead, they didn't have plantations
-Their farms were destroyed because of the idea of total war. Not only do you kill their army, they are playing a mind game.
-It gives rise to terror like the K.K.K. and more racism.
-No more slaves
What constitutional right did Lincoln suspend?
-Habeas Corpus, it is legal action that says a prisoner can be released from unfair jailing.
List the four border states.
-Kentucky
-Missouri
-Maryland
-Delaware
Why did West Virginia form?
-It split because it was a divided state politicly and people who wanted to join union could go live in West Virginia and after the war they never went back. They never went back probably because they to states resented each other.
What disadvantages did the South fact?
-They were out produced and the north had a lot more people.
Why did the Confederate States believe they had a right to leave the Union?
-Because they thought that the US was a bunch of states together, but they had their own state rights. So they thought they had a constitutional right.
What were the three main strategies of the Union?
-They were gonna blockade all of their ports, take Richman, and get the Mississippi river so it was harder for the south to move supplies split the south in two.
What was the average age of soldiers who fought in the Civil War?
-The average age was 25 but 40% were 21 years old or younger.
What was the outcome of Bull Run?
Discuss the Battle of Shiloh.
-The union was led by U.S. Grant and Don Carlos Buell
-The Confederates were led by Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard
- It was a Union victory
-There were about 23,746 people in the war total
-It took place in Hardin County on April 6-7, 1862
What were Lincoln’s reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation?
-It frees all the slaves on territory's that are still in rebellion. All of the Slaves run away and fight for the Northern army. It was a political weapon to scare people. There was a risk of slave uprisings.
What did the 13th Amendment do?
-It officially ended slavery.
How was the Civil War a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight?
-Because poor men would get payed to fight for the rich men who didn't want to fight. So technically it was the rich men's war, but poor men fought it.
Discuss the draft laws in the north.
-Rich white men could pay their name out of the draft or they could pay poor men to fight for them.
Discuss the importance of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.
-Gettysburg was an invasion of the north by Robert E. Lee. 70,000 men were lost, it was a three day battle, northern victory. Fought in Pennsylvania and July 1st through the 3rd. The south retreated in the fourth. It is known as the turning point of the war. After the battle, Robert E. Lee didn't have the people to fight a defensive battle because he had lost most of his men.
-Chancellorsville was a complete southern victory yet Stonewall Jackson gets himself shot and killed. Stonewalls jackson is Lee's right hand man. He doesn't have anyone else to replace Jackson. Union was lead by Joe Hooker.
How did Sherman use “Total War” against the South?
-When he was at war, there was no mercy. He would destroy everything n his path to get inside his opponents head. He would do things like burn down farm, houses, and kill everyone of his opponents that he was fighting.
Who were the Presidents of the Confederacy and the United States during the Civil War?
-Abraham Lincoln
-Jefferson Davis
..... They were both born in Kentucky.......
What, exactly, did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
-It freed all of the slaves in the states that were still in rebellion under confederate control. This made it so all of those states that were still at war, lost all of their slaves to the army's of the North. Although it didn't really do much because they were under control of the enemy. It was a political weapon.
13th
-Legally ended slavery
14th
-It made them citizens.
15th
-“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
-It gave vlack men the right to vote.
4) How was the 14th Amendment reinterpreted? How was the 15th Amendment interrupted?
-No state shall discriminate the blacks because of their race. Look at the wording, no STATE shall deny a black person. If you owned a personal business, you could be a racist as you want.
5) List ways a slave rebelled.
-They could run away, slowing down production, and physically rebel. They also rebelled in their songs that they sang.
6) Zinn tries to show slavery from a slaves perspective, what are three things he says?
-That slavery was never going to end by a rebellion but inly if it were economically good for the U.S., they were very sad and depressed although people thought they weren't because they sang and danced at night, that black people could never be civilized, and that in some places slavery was cruel and harsh.
7) After the Civil War how did the South prevent former slaves from attaining power?
-
8) Why didn't former slaves move after the Civil War?
-
9) Name two slave uprisings.
-Nat Turners rebellion and Conspiracy of Denmark Vey.
10) How many people died in the Civil War?
620,000 died total
2% of the population (Most of them were men.)
Confederates lost 260,000 out of 1 million that enlisted
Union lost 360,000 out of 2,300,000 that enlisted
11) Give the dates of the war.
-April 1861 – April 1865
Battles:
Gettysburg
-July 1st-3rd, Generals were Robert E. Lee and George Mead. an invasion of the north by Robert E. Lee. 70,000 men were lost, it was a three day battle, northern victory. Fought in Pennsylvania and July 1st through the 3rd. The south retreated in the fourth. It is known as the turning point of the war. After the battle, Robert E. Lee didn't have the people to fight a defensive battle because he had lost most of his men.
Appomattox
-April 8th 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant but the terms were generous. The soldiers could go home with their horses, they would keep their side arms, and they were given three days worth of rations. This battle basically end the war, once Lee surrendered, the South knew the war was over.
Antietam
-Sept. 17th 1863, The Generals were Lee and MeClellen Northern Vicotry. It was important because the southern loss discouraged England and France from recognizing the south as a country. Plus, the north finally had a victory that allowed Lincoln to put the Emancipation Proclamation into effect. They fought to a draw.
Shiloh
-It was April 6-7 1862, Albert Sydney Johnston attacked Grant's army. Union victory and it is important because this battle is the once where people knew this wasn't going to be a short war. Also, Albert Sidney Johnston died.
Bull Run
-July 1861, Confederate victory, the Generals were Joe Johnston and Beauregard, both side knew that there wasn't going to be a victory in just one battle. One day battle. People came and watched the battle.
Chancellorsville
-May 2nd 1863. Chancellorsville was a complete southern victory yet Stonewall Jackson gets himself shot and killed. Stonewalls Jackson is Lee's right hand man. He doesn't have anyone else to replace Jackson. Union was lead by Joe Hooker. Lee divides his army.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
-He started on November 16, 1863 and he was ordered use total warfare to destroy everything in his path. No one really fought back.
People:
Albert Sidney Johnson
-He got shot in the leg and bled out in the Battle of Shiloh. He was a confederate general. He surprise attacks Grant and all was going well until he was shot in the leg. He died and there was no one to replace him.
Ulysses S. Grant
-He was the 18th president, but before he was the big General for the union, he pretty much controlled the whole Union army. He was reasonable for the surrender of the south at the court house. He was commander in chief of all US forces.
Joe Johnson
- He eventually takes over the army of Tennessee, he was the second general after lee. He surrenders to Sherman in the war.
Joe Hooker
-Union General, he tales over the army of pot. for a while he is almost dimotioned by Lee and Stonewall and it really ruined his career.
Tecumseh Sherman
-He was a Union general. He lead Sherman's March to the Sea. He was a perfect example of what the north would do to win the war.
Robert E Lee
Major confederate general, he as a very impressive general.
Thomas Stonewall Jackson
-He was a confederate general. He was Lee's right hand man.
A.P. Hill
James Longstreet
Booker T Washington
Sojourner Truth
Harriet Tubman
Frederick Douglas
1) Why does the author suggest that John Brown had a sense of humor?
-He put a cheap price on the president for 2.50
2) What was John Brown's plan?
-He was going to take over the arsenal and have slave come and fight for him. No one came and he was captured.
3) Why did John Brown become a symbol?
-He was viewed as a martyr cause he tried to do what was the right thing to some people he was supposed to represent hope. For the south he was a symbol for what was to come.
4) When and why did South Carolina succeed from the Union?
-December 20, 1860, they succeeded because they thought they had the right to leave the union and they were the first to succeed.
5) List some of the advantages of the North at the beginning of the war. List some of the advantages of the South at the beginning of the war.
6) List some of the famous battles of the Civil War with a brief description of each.
7) How do you view Lincoln's suspension of "the writ of habeas corpus"?
8) What if Lee's plan had not been found at the battle of Antiem?
9) What was the reconstruction?
It was a series of acts the was a form of punishment for the confederates.
-The states had to meet certain requirements if they wanted to come back to the states.
-The 14th amendment
-It gave the blacks the right to vote and made then citizens.
-It divided the south into military regions controlled by military governors.
10) Why did the Klu Klux Klan form?
-Some poeple didn't like the fact that blacks were becoming their equals.
11) Discuss Andrew Johnson's impeachment.
-He tried to remove one of his own cabinet members. He was trying to fallow up Lincoln's plan, but his views on slavery were different from the others from the North, so people used this as a way to try and remove him from office.
How did the Civil War shape our lives today?
-If the confederates won, then we would still have slaves, and now we have a more central government.
Name three ways the Civil War changed the South.
-Their economy was dead, they didn't have plantations
-Their farms were destroyed because of the idea of total war. Not only do you kill their army, they are playing a mind game.
-It gives rise to terror like the K.K.K. and more racism.
-No more slaves
What constitutional right did Lincoln suspend?
-Habeas Corpus, it is legal action that says a prisoner can be released from unfair jailing.
List the four border states.
-Kentucky
-Missouri
-Maryland
-Delaware
Why did West Virginia form?
-It split because it was a divided state politicly and people who wanted to join union could go live in West Virginia and after the war they never went back. They never went back probably because they to states resented each other.
What disadvantages did the South fact?
-They were out produced and the north had a lot more people.
Why did the Confederate States believe they had a right to leave the Union?
-Because they thought that the US was a bunch of states together, but they had their own state rights. So they thought they had a constitutional right.
What were the three main strategies of the Union?
-They were gonna blockade all of their ports, take Richman, and get the Mississippi river so it was harder for the south to move supplies split the south in two.
What was the average age of soldiers who fought in the Civil War?
-The average age was 25 but 40% were 21 years old or younger.
What was the outcome of Bull Run?
- 1st Battle- July 26, 1861
- The confederates were under General Joseph E. Johnson and Beauregard
- The union was under the rule of General Thomas J. Jackson.
- The Union loses.
- 2nd Battle August 28-30, 1862
- The confederates won
- The confederate were lead by Lee, Jackson, and Longstreet
- Union controlled by John Pope
Discuss the Battle of Shiloh.
-The union was led by U.S. Grant and Don Carlos Buell
-The Confederates were led by Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard
- It was a Union victory
-There were about 23,746 people in the war total
-It took place in Hardin County on April 6-7, 1862
What were Lincoln’s reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation?
-It frees all the slaves on territory's that are still in rebellion. All of the Slaves run away and fight for the Northern army. It was a political weapon to scare people. There was a risk of slave uprisings.
What did the 13th Amendment do?
-It officially ended slavery.
How was the Civil War a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight?
-Because poor men would get payed to fight for the rich men who didn't want to fight. So technically it was the rich men's war, but poor men fought it.
Discuss the draft laws in the north.
-Rich white men could pay their name out of the draft or they could pay poor men to fight for them.
Discuss the importance of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.
-Gettysburg was an invasion of the north by Robert E. Lee. 70,000 men were lost, it was a three day battle, northern victory. Fought in Pennsylvania and July 1st through the 3rd. The south retreated in the fourth. It is known as the turning point of the war. After the battle, Robert E. Lee didn't have the people to fight a defensive battle because he had lost most of his men.
-Chancellorsville was a complete southern victory yet Stonewall Jackson gets himself shot and killed. Stonewalls jackson is Lee's right hand man. He doesn't have anyone else to replace Jackson. Union was lead by Joe Hooker.
How did Sherman use “Total War” against the South?
-When he was at war, there was no mercy. He would destroy everything n his path to get inside his opponents head. He would do things like burn down farm, houses, and kill everyone of his opponents that he was fighting.
Who were the Presidents of the Confederacy and the United States during the Civil War?
-Abraham Lincoln
-Jefferson Davis
..... They were both born in Kentucky.......
What, exactly, did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
-It freed all of the slaves in the states that were still in rebellion under confederate control. This made it so all of those states that were still at war, lost all of their slaves to the army's of the North. Although it didn't really do much because they were under control of the enemy. It was a political weapon.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)